Cell structure as observed under microscopes (light and electron). Functions of cell organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, cell membrane). DNA structure, replication, and the genetic code. Protein synthesis and gene expression. Stem cells and mitosis. Tissue organisation. Biological molecules — carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, enzymes. Movement of substances by diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
Tested by
- Edexcel IGCSE Human Biology — 1. Cells and tissues
- Edexcel IGCSE Human Biology — 2. Biological molecules
- Edexcel IGCSE Human Biology — 3. Movement of substances
- Edexcel IGCSE Combined Science — Biology (cell biology subsection)
- AQA GCSE Combined Science Trilogy — Biology (Cell biology + Organisation)
No FS Science overlay exists.
Mastery descriptors
- emerging — names main cell structures with prompts; draws basic cell diagrams
- developing — describes cell structure and function; understands DNA at the level of a double helix carrying genetic information
- secure — explains protein synthesis at transcription/translation level; uses subject terminology accurately
- mastering — analyses ethical and scientific implications (e.g. stem cells, genetic engineering); applies cellular concepts to unfamiliar contexts